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	<title>Comments on: The Spread of HIV in Africa</title>
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	<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/</link>
	<description>Christopher Lydon in conversation on arts, ideas and politics</description>
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		<title>By: pings</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-152514</link>
		<dc:creator>pings</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2008 13:56:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-152514</guid>
		<description>Omnivir kills HIV, Fights AIDS, Protects Immune System and Prolongs Life

Omnivir is a medical device that generates humidified active oxygen in the form of a very energetic oxygen singlet (O) , pure oxygen (O2)  and triatomic oxygen (O3, also known as medical ozone). Omnivir is used at home or clinics to care for HIV by reducing viral load, boosting immune and detoxifying the body.

How Active Oxygen works on HIV and Immune System: 
Active Oxygen deactivates and eventually kills HIV by destroying its protective skin. Ozoneâ€™s destructiveness nature on HIV, virus and bacteria is partly attributed to the oxidation of unsaturated bonds in the phospholipids and lipoprotein architecture of the bacteria, viruses. The oxidation generates hydro peroxides, which are transformed to peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and to other reactive species, including aldehydes. Peroxyl radicals attack proteins, and hydroxyl radicals induce disruptive structural changes in cell membranes. The reactive oxygen intermediates also contribute to the inactivation of viral reverse transcriptase. In order of preference, ozone reacts with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), antioxidants such as ascorbic and uric acids, thiol compounds with -SH groups such as cysteine, reduced glutathione (GSH) and albumin All of these compounds act as electron donor and undergo oxidation. Ozone reacts with body fluids forming moles of hydrogen peroxide (included among reactive oxygen species, ROS) and moles of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) The fundamental ROS molecule is hydrogen peroxide, which is a non-radical oxidant able to act as an ozone messenger responsible for eliciting several biological and therapeutic effects. Hydrogen Peroxide already exists in human cells and its the key chemical on fighting infections, e.g. viruses and bacteria. The ozone bio-oxidative process is therefore characterized by the formation of ROS and LOPs acting in two phases. ROS are acting immediately and disappear (early and short-acting messengers), LOPs, via the circulation, distribute throughout the tissues and eventually only a few molecules bind to cell receptors . In fact of ozone returns to normal within half an hour and the oxidized compounds such as dehydroascorbate are efficiently recycled back to ascorbic acid. H2O2 diffuses easily from the plasma into the cells and its sudden appearance in the cytoplasm represents the triggering stimulus: depending upon the cell type, different biochemical pathways can be concurrently activated in erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets resulting in numerous biological effects. 

At right concentration, medical ozone kills 99.999% lipid viruses and bacteria in the tests tube, water and in the air.  Here is a list of opportunistic pathogens susceptible to the antiviral and antibacterial power of ozone therapy: herpes viridae, simplex, varicella-zoster, kaposi sarcoma,  epstein - barr, influenza, hepatitis.

Ozone also acts as an enhancer of the immune system by activating neutrophils and stimulating the synthesis of some cytokines. The by product of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, which after entering into the cytoplasm of blood mononuclear cells (BMC) by oxidizing selected cysteines, activates a tyrosine kinase, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor nuclear factor ÎºB allowing the release of a heterodimer (p50+p65). This complex moves on to the nucleus and switches on some hundred genes eventually responsible for causing the synthesis of several proteins, among which are the acute-phase reactants and numerous interleukins. Once the ozonated leukocytes return to the circulation, they home in lymphoid microenvironments and successively release cytokines acting in a paracrine fashion on neighbouring cells with a possible reactivation of a depressed immune system. 

Active Oxygen Success on HIV/AIDS:
This medical gas has been in use for a long time mostly in hospitals and by physicians across the world. Physicians report 99.9% success rate on HIV patients, also remission of the condition in most cases. Doctors across the world claims to have cured HIV on more than 500 patients using a rigorous and very expensive ($25,000)  protocol which included Active Oxygen IV Therapy as the main treatment.  There are more than 5 US and International patents for research to cure HIV using active oxygen/ozone, none have been put on the market due to production and regulatory costs.    

Active Oxygen Therapy is used in major countries i.e.  UK, Malaysia, China, USA, Japan, Italy, Russia, South Africa, Germany , France, Cuba, Canada, Ireland, Europe, India,  Americas. Click Here to see a list of doctors offering the cheapest (average $300/month) active oxygen rectal therapy worldwide.


For More Information please visit www.savechealthsystems.com</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Omnivir kills HIV, Fights AIDS, Protects Immune System and Prolongs Life</p>
<p>Omnivir is a medical device that generates humidified active oxygen in the form of a very energetic oxygen singlet (O) , pure oxygen (O2)  and triatomic oxygen (O3, also known as medical ozone). Omnivir is used at home or clinics to care for HIV by reducing viral load, boosting immune and detoxifying the body.</p>
<p>How Active Oxygen works on HIV and Immune System:<br />
Active Oxygen deactivates and eventually kills HIV by destroying its protective skin. Ozoneâ€™s destructiveness nature on HIV, virus and bacteria is partly attributed to the oxidation of unsaturated bonds in the phospholipids and lipoprotein architecture of the bacteria, viruses. The oxidation generates hydro peroxides, which are transformed to peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and to other reactive species, including aldehydes. Peroxyl radicals attack proteins, and hydroxyl radicals induce disruptive structural changes in cell membranes. The reactive oxygen intermediates also contribute to the inactivation of viral reverse transcriptase. In order of preference, ozone reacts with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), antioxidants such as ascorbic and uric acids, thiol compounds with -SH groups such as cysteine, reduced glutathione (GSH) and albumin All of these compounds act as electron donor and undergo oxidation. Ozone reacts with body fluids forming moles of hydrogen peroxide (included among reactive oxygen species, ROS) and moles of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) The fundamental ROS molecule is hydrogen peroxide, which is a non-radical oxidant able to act as an ozone messenger responsible for eliciting several biological and therapeutic effects. Hydrogen Peroxide already exists in human cells and its the key chemical on fighting infections, e.g. viruses and bacteria. The ozone bio-oxidative process is therefore characterized by the formation of ROS and LOPs acting in two phases. ROS are acting immediately and disappear (early and short-acting messengers), LOPs, via the circulation, distribute throughout the tissues and eventually only a few molecules bind to cell receptors . In fact of ozone returns to normal within half an hour and the oxidized compounds such as dehydroascorbate are efficiently recycled back to ascorbic acid. H2O2 diffuses easily from the plasma into the cells and its sudden appearance in the cytoplasm represents the triggering stimulus: depending upon the cell type, different biochemical pathways can be concurrently activated in erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets resulting in numerous biological effects. </p>
<p>At right concentration, medical ozone kills 99.999% lipid viruses and bacteria in the tests tube, water and in the air.  Here is a list of opportunistic pathogens susceptible to the antiviral and antibacterial power of ozone therapy: herpes viridae, simplex, varicella-zoster, kaposi sarcoma,  epstein &#8211; barr, influenza, hepatitis.</p>
<p>Ozone also acts as an enhancer of the immune system by activating neutrophils and stimulating the synthesis of some cytokines. The by product of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, which after entering into the cytoplasm of blood mononuclear cells (BMC) by oxidizing selected cysteines, activates a tyrosine kinase, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor nuclear factor ÎºB allowing the release of a heterodimer (p50+p65). This complex moves on to the nucleus and switches on some hundred genes eventually responsible for causing the synthesis of several proteins, among which are the acute-phase reactants and numerous interleukins. Once the ozonated leukocytes return to the circulation, they home in lymphoid microenvironments and successively release cytokines acting in a paracrine fashion on neighbouring cells with a possible reactivation of a depressed immune system. </p>
<p>Active Oxygen Success on HIV/AIDS:<br />
This medical gas has been in use for a long time mostly in hospitals and by physicians across the world. Physicians report 99.9% success rate on HIV patients, also remission of the condition in most cases. Doctors across the world claims to have cured HIV on more than 500 patients using a rigorous and very expensive ($25,000)  protocol which included Active Oxygen IV Therapy as the main treatment.  There are more than 5 US and International patents for research to cure HIV using active oxygen/ozone, none have been put on the market due to production and regulatory costs.    </p>
<p>Active Oxygen Therapy is used in major countries i.e.  UK, Malaysia, China, USA, Japan, Italy, Russia, South Africa, Germany , France, Cuba, Canada, Ireland, Europe, India,  Americas. Click Here to see a list of doctors offering the cheapest (average $300/month) active oxygen rectal therapy worldwide.</p>
<p>For More Information please visit <a href="http://www.savechealthsystems.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.savechealthsystems.com</a></p>
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		<title>By: three ways to spread hiv</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-129421</link>
		<dc:creator>three ways to spread hiv</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 21:00:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-129421</guid>
		<description>[...] ber 30, ... April 23rd, 2007 at 3:58 pm. The dynamics of any epidemic ?? including AIDS ...http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/STD, Herpe [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] ber 30, &#8230; April 23rd, 2007 at 3:58 pm. The dynamics of any epidemic ?? including AIDS &#8230;http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/STD, Herpe [...]</p>
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		<title>By: dsaklad@gnu.org</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57893</link>
		<dc:creator>dsaklad@gnu.org</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2007 16:19:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57893</guid>
		<description>Even as a thought experiment the idea of the strategy of let&#039;s get tested TOGETHER BEFORE we have sex for A VARIETY of STDs brings forward concerns where there is ambiguity.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Even as a thought experiment the idea of the strategy of let&#8217;s get tested TOGETHER BEFORE we have sex for A VARIETY of STDs brings forward concerns where there is ambiguity.</p>
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		<title>By: dsaklad@gnu.org</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57892</link>
		<dc:creator>dsaklad@gnu.org</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2007 16:17:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57892</guid>
		<description>Public health officials have not observed the phenomenon going on where potential sex partners get tested TOGETHER BEFORE having sex for A VARIETY of sexually transmitted diseases. The strategy of let&#039;s get tested TOGETHER BEFORE we have sex for A VARIETY of STDs is going on unobserved. Even as a thought experiment the idea brings forward concerns people have been ambiguous.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Public health officials have not observed the phenomenon going on where potential sex partners get tested TOGETHER BEFORE having sex for A VARIETY of sexually transmitted diseases. The strategy of let&#8217;s get tested TOGETHER BEFORE we have sex for A VARIETY of STDs is going on unobserved. Even as a thought experiment the idea brings forward concerns people have been ambiguous.</p>
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		<title>By: rc21</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57763</link>
		<dc:creator>rc21</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2007 00:50:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57763</guid>
		<description>patsyb, if the abc stategy is working why not look to expand it. Go with what seems to work put the alternitives on the back burner or atleast minimize the resources being wasted on them.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>patsyb, if the abc stategy is working why not look to expand it. Go with what seems to work put the alternitives on the back burner or atleast minimize the resources being wasted on them.</p>
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		<title>By: punditwannabe</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57706</link>
		<dc:creator>punditwannabe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2007 23:34:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57706</guid>
		<description>interesting....</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>interesting&#8230;.</p>
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		<title>By: patsyb</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57704</link>
		<dc:creator>patsyb</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2007 22:23:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57704</guid>
		<description>I wonder: did anyone from ROS attend the South Africa Partners (http://www.sapartners.org/) conference that took place in Boston, this past Friday? A fascinating set of alternatives to the ABC strategy were mentioned in passing at several turns. That&#039;s because the main question of this conference had to do with what those who work in sub-Saharan Africa have learned and can bring home to help sub-Saharan Africans in Massachusetts who are living with HIV/AIDS. 

FYI: according to the MA Dept. of Public Health, between 2003 and 2005 28% of HIV diagnoses are people born outside the US; of those 35% are from sub-Saharan Africa. (See www.mass.gov/dph/aids for more details and information).

Thanks for re-opening this discussion.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I wonder: did anyone from ROS attend the South Africa Partners (<a href="http://www.sapartners.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.sapartners.org/</a>) conference that took place in Boston, this past Friday? A fascinating set of alternatives to the ABC strategy were mentioned in passing at several turns. That&#8217;s because the main question of this conference had to do with what those who work in sub-Saharan Africa have learned and can bring home to help sub-Saharan Africans in Massachusetts who are living with HIV/AIDS. </p>
<p>FYI: according to the MA Dept. of Public Health, between 2003 and 2005 28% of HIV diagnoses are people born outside the US; of those 35% are from sub-Saharan Africa. (See <a href="http://www.mass.gov/dph/aids" rel="nofollow">http://www.mass.gov/dph/aids</a> for more details and information).</p>
<p>Thanks for re-opening this discussion.</p>
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		<title>By: nother</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57666</link>
		<dc:creator>nother</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2007 05:31:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57666</guid>
		<description>Here are some &quot;Vital Statistics&quot; from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.until.org/statistics.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; that my friend (a statistician in the AIDS field) directed me to:

Worldwide:

-Over 22 million people have died from AIDS.
-Over 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, and 74 percent of these infected people live in sub-Saharan Africa.
-Over 19 million women are living with HIV/AIDS.
-By the year 2010, five countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, China, India, and Russia) with 40 percent of the world&#039;s population will add 50 to 75 million infected people to the worldwide pool of HIV disease.

-There are 14,000 new infections every day (95 percent in developing countries). HIV/AIDS is a &quot;disease of young people&quot; with half of the 5 million new infections each year occurring among people ages 15 to 24.
-The UN estimates that, currently, there are 14 million AIDS orphans and that by 2010 there will be 25 million.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here are some &#8220;Vital Statistics&#8221; from a <a href="http://www.until.org/statistics.shtml" rel="nofollow">site</a> that my friend (a statistician in the AIDS field) directed me to:</p>
<p>Worldwide:</p>
<p>-Over 22 million people have died from AIDS.<br />
-Over 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, and 74 percent of these infected people live in sub-Saharan Africa.<br />
-Over 19 million women are living with HIV/AIDS.<br />
-By the year 2010, five countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, China, India, and Russia) with 40 percent of the world&#8217;s population will add 50 to 75 million infected people to the worldwide pool of HIV disease.</p>
<p>-There are 14,000 new infections every day (95 percent in developing countries). HIV/AIDS is a &#8220;disease of young people&#8221; with half of the 5 million new infections each year occurring among people ages 15 to 24.<br />
-The UN estimates that, currently, there are 14 million AIDS orphans and that by 2010 there will be 25 million.</p>
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		<title>By: tbrucia</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57597</link>
		<dc:creator>tbrucia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2007 15:21:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57597</guid>
		<description>Relative to &#039;B&#039; (Be faithful), I find it interesting that so little discussion is given to &#039;cheating safely&#039;.  Growing up many years ago, a lot of sexual activity was going on -- but it involved mutual masturbation (then known as &#039;heavy petting&#039;), or non-genital touching (then known as &#039;light petting&#039;).  Today, it seems that everything is digital (i.e. on/off) and that &#039;having sex&#039; automatically involves intercourse, and &#039;not having sex&#039; involves abstinence or &#039;solitary sex&#039; (another forgotten phrase...).  I suspect that prudery is causing BIG problems insofar as couples simply don&#039;t think of sexual intimacy without full genital intercourse...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Relative to &#8216;B&#8217; (Be faithful), I find it interesting that so little discussion is given to &#8216;cheating safely&#8217;.  Growing up many years ago, a lot of sexual activity was going on &#8212; but it involved mutual masturbation (then known as &#8216;heavy petting&#8217;), or non-genital touching (then known as &#8216;light petting&#8217;).  Today, it seems that everything is digital (i.e. on/off) and that &#8216;having sex&#8217; automatically involves intercourse, and &#8216;not having sex&#8217; involves abstinence or &#8217;solitary sex&#8217; (another forgotten phrase&#8230;).  I suspect that prudery is causing BIG problems insofar as couples simply don&#8217;t think of sexual intimacy without full genital intercourse&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: allison</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57548</link>
		<dc:creator>allison</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2007 15:56:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57548</guid>
		<description>Someone mentioned the skepticism of Africans towards Westerners, especially regarding the topiic of AIDS. Is it possible that the Ugandan approach was so successful because it was homegrown? I don&#039;t where their funding came from, but if the program was perceived to be homegrown, that may have helped it be received well. 

Sometimes we need to know when to back off. If we want to help. or feel responsible, perhpas we need to let go of control of the programming and simply fund local organizaitons, allowing them to figure out how best to address their local population. It would be awesome if we didn&#039;t need to take credit.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Someone mentioned the skepticism of Africans towards Westerners, especially regarding the topiic of AIDS. Is it possible that the Ugandan approach was so successful because it was homegrown? I don&#8217;t where their funding came from, but if the program was perceived to be homegrown, that may have helped it be received well. </p>
<p>Sometimes we need to know when to back off. If we want to help. or feel responsible, perhpas we need to let go of control of the programming and simply fund local organizaitons, allowing them to figure out how best to address their local population. It would be awesome if we didn&#8217;t need to take credit.</p>
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		<title>By: amanda</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-57484</link>
		<dc:creator>amanda</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 May 2007 14:03:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-57484</guid>
		<description>The circumcision buzz makes me nervous -- 60%? 

I think some of the problem is the way that news has to be so ... new, but when every third article is trumpeting the advantages of circumcision, a man might start to think that he&#039;s safer if he gets circumcised, safer enough that they can relax about safer sex in general. 60% still sounds like Russian roulette to me. 

We focus too much on what is new and not nearly enough on what hasn&#039;t changed at all, or what is nuanced and hard to tell well. I don&#039;t know African AIDS so well, but the narrative in Cambodia a few years ago was that fishermen in Kampot and Koh Kong were shooting up with amphetamines, to fish all day and all night for long stretches, visiting brothels in between, and then heading home to wives and villages. I&#039;m sure that African AIDS is also full of these micro ecosystems, stories about how a combination of culture, denial and economic stress carry HIV across a continent. 

We sit around in New York City and say &quot;well, so how do we persuade those Africans to stop being so promiscuous&quot; and we&#039;ll get no where. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/phw/focus_areas/hiv_aids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Soros Foundation&lt;/a&gt; might be a good place to start finding local case studies about effective campaigns, both in changing behavior and promoting treatment. 

(email me directly if you want a run down of who at Soros might be able to help identify some organizers and advocates based in Africa who would be great subjects for an interview.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The circumcision buzz makes me nervous &#8212; 60%? </p>
<p>I think some of the problem is the way that news has to be so &#8230; new, but when every third article is trumpeting the advantages of circumcision, a man might start to think that he&#8217;s safer if he gets circumcised, safer enough that they can relax about safer sex in general. 60% still sounds like Russian roulette to me. </p>
<p>We focus too much on what is new and not nearly enough on what hasn&#8217;t changed at all, or what is nuanced and hard to tell well. I don&#8217;t know African AIDS so well, but the narrative in Cambodia a few years ago was that fishermen in Kampot and Koh Kong were shooting up with amphetamines, to fish all day and all night for long stretches, visiting brothels in between, and then heading home to wives and villages. I&#8217;m sure that African AIDS is also full of these micro ecosystems, stories about how a combination of culture, denial and economic stress carry HIV across a continent. </p>
<p>We sit around in New York City and say &#8220;well, so how do we persuade those Africans to stop being so promiscuous&#8221; and we&#8217;ll get no where. <a href="http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/phw/focus_areas/hiv_aids" rel="nofollow">The Soros Foundation</a> might be a good place to start finding local case studies about effective campaigns, both in changing behavior and promoting treatment. </p>
<p>(email me directly if you want a run down of who at Soros might be able to help identify some organizers and advocates based in Africa who would be great subjects for an interview.)</p>
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		<title>By: jscientist</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-56020</link>
		<dc:creator>jscientist</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2007 03:57:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-56020</guid>
		<description>how can our gov handle the problem in africa. we can probably  help if we had the will.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>how can our gov handle the problem in africa. we can probably  help if we had the will.</p>
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		<title>By: Alexandre Enkerli</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54920</link>
		<dc:creator>Alexandre Enkerli</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Apr 2007 18:36:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54920</guid>
		<description>Glad to see that comments on this thread are thoughtful and respectful.
My work in Africa is quite unrelated to HIV/AIDS (music and language in Malian hunter associations) but many colleagues do work in this field. There&#039;s a few things even I noticed in Mali, as a non-specialist.
As has been said here, many other diseases affect Africans and receive much less attention. In many ways, malaria is much more salient a problem in Mali than HIV/AIDS can be.
Life expectancy in Africa is probably increasing overall, despite major diseases, but many Africans are still accustomed to seeing people die at a relatively young age. People I have met in Mali and Africans I meet here tend to be extremely philosophical about death and dying. There are obvious connections, here, with some previous ROS shows. Despite the &quot;badness&quot; of death, overpopulation can be a tricky issue.
Talking about sexual behaviour explicitly is a difficult thing to do, in mainstream Malian society. Not necessarily because of taboos but because direct communication is not considered the most appropriate mode for such topics. For this reason, humorous skits about STDs have been having a more direct impact than &quot;education campaigns.&quot;
The ABC formula has some embedded assumptions as to both the disease itself and about &quot;proper sexual behaviour.&quot; It might work in some contexts but Malians I know seem to react negatively to this formula. AIDS is sometimes perceived as a fictitious disease &quot;created by Europeans to prevent us from having sex.&quot; The ABC formula may serve to convince more people of this &quot;conspiracy theory&quot; about AIDS. Even if the perception of AIDS as fictitious is marginal, the ABC formula may make this perception more mainstream. The term &quot;interference&quot; (as Â«ingÃ©renceÂ») comes to mind.
Women are often forgotten in these programs, except as victims. My experience is that many women in Mali have a lot of control over their sexuality but that they tend to be very discreet about it. It might be difficult to work directly with women but it might be more effective. I tend to think that Europeans and Americans working in Africa simply assume that Africans are sexist, thereby decreasing the value of women&#039;s input in African societies.
In Mali, traditional healers can be very important figures. Regardless of their claims about healing, they serve as important nodes in local health systems. Not that Malians have anything against the biomedical paradigm. But traditional healers are often trusted interlocutors in discussions about health issues. There&#039;s a wealth of research on this but it&#039;s lost in the disconnect between media and academia.

For those who understand French, there&#039;s been an award-winning series of show about the 25th anniversary of HIV/AIDS on Radio-Canada&#039;s science show, Les annÃ©es lumiÃ¨re.
http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Science-Sante/2006/06/02/024-accueil-planete-sida.shtml
(Available as a podcast or Â«balado-diffusionÂ».)
They do talk about some of the unwanted effects of some campaigns. And about the non-sexual methods of transmission for HIV/AIDS. And on alternative programs to prevent the spread of HIV.
The same show had interesting things to say about HPV, which is involved in uterine cancer in North America and could probably be erased easily.

Looking forward to this episode and to other shows about Africa.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Glad to see that comments on this thread are thoughtful and respectful.<br />
My work in Africa is quite unrelated to HIV/AIDS (music and language in Malian hunter associations) but many colleagues do work in this field. There&#8217;s a few things even I noticed in Mali, as a non-specialist.<br />
As has been said here, many other diseases affect Africans and receive much less attention. In many ways, malaria is much more salient a problem in Mali than HIV/AIDS can be.<br />
Life expectancy in Africa is probably increasing overall, despite major diseases, but many Africans are still accustomed to seeing people die at a relatively young age. People I have met in Mali and Africans I meet here tend to be extremely philosophical about death and dying. There are obvious connections, here, with some previous ROS shows. Despite the &#8220;badness&#8221; of death, overpopulation can be a tricky issue.<br />
Talking about sexual behaviour explicitly is a difficult thing to do, in mainstream Malian society. Not necessarily because of taboos but because direct communication is not considered the most appropriate mode for such topics. For this reason, humorous skits about STDs have been having a more direct impact than &#8220;education campaigns.&#8221;<br />
The ABC formula has some embedded assumptions as to both the disease itself and about &#8220;proper sexual behaviour.&#8221; It might work in some contexts but Malians I know seem to react negatively to this formula. AIDS is sometimes perceived as a fictitious disease &#8220;created by Europeans to prevent us from having sex.&#8221; The ABC formula may serve to convince more people of this &#8220;conspiracy theory&#8221; about AIDS. Even if the perception of AIDS as fictitious is marginal, the ABC formula may make this perception more mainstream. The term &#8220;interference&#8221; (as Â«ingÃ©renceÂ») comes to mind.<br />
Women are often forgotten in these programs, except as victims. My experience is that many women in Mali have a lot of control over their sexuality but that they tend to be very discreet about it. It might be difficult to work directly with women but it might be more effective. I tend to think that Europeans and Americans working in Africa simply assume that Africans are sexist, thereby decreasing the value of women&#8217;s input in African societies.<br />
In Mali, traditional healers can be very important figures. Regardless of their claims about healing, they serve as important nodes in local health systems. Not that Malians have anything against the biomedical paradigm. But traditional healers are often trusted interlocutors in discussions about health issues. There&#8217;s a wealth of research on this but it&#8217;s lost in the disconnect between media and academia.</p>
<p>For those who understand French, there&#8217;s been an award-winning series of show about the 25th anniversary of HIV/AIDS on Radio-Canada&#8217;s science show, Les annÃ©es lumiÃ¨re.<br />
<a href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Science-Sante/2006/06/02/024-accueil-planete-sida.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Science-Sante/2006/06/02/024-accueil-planete-sida.shtml</a><br />
(Available as a podcast or Â«balado-diffusionÂ».)<br />
They do talk about some of the unwanted effects of some campaigns. And about the non-sexual methods of transmission for HIV/AIDS. And on alternative programs to prevent the spread of HIV.<br />
The same show had interesting things to say about HPV, which is involved in uterine cancer in North America and could probably be erased easily.</p>
<p>Looking forward to this episode and to other shows about Africa.</p>
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		<title>By: enhabit</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54902</link>
		<dc:creator>enhabit</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Apr 2007 15:34:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54902</guid>
		<description>sub saharan africa is vastly more affected by these other sited conditions.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>sub saharan africa is vastly more affected by these other sited conditions.</p>
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		<title>By: enhabit</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54900</link>
		<dc:creator>enhabit</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Apr 2007 15:30:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54900</guid>
		<description>@ 2.3 billion children that&#039;s almost 7% of the world&#039;s population of children dying before they are five years old...from lack of sanitation.

malaria kills an estimated 1 million children under five as well..every year!

according to the who

http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/en/poster1.pdf

hiv/aids accounted for 4% of all deaths of children under five in 2002
measles = 5%
malaria = 11%
diarrhoea = 15%
respiratory infection = 18%
malnutrition (often associated w/ the others, hence the funky math)= 54%

please forgive this digression but some of these other causes get very little attention compared with hiv, bad as it is.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@ 2.3 billion children that&#8217;s almost 7% of the world&#8217;s population of children dying before they are five years old&#8230;from lack of sanitation.</p>
<p>malaria kills an estimated 1 million children under five as well..every year!</p>
<p>according to the who</p>
<p><a href="http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/en/poster1.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/en/poster1.pdf</a></p>
<p>hiv/aids accounted for 4% of all deaths of children under five in 2002<br />
measles = 5%<br />
malaria = 11%<br />
diarrhoea = 15%<br />
respiratory infection = 18%<br />
malnutrition (often associated w/ the others, hence the funky math)= 54%</p>
<p>please forgive this digression but some of these other causes get very little attention compared with hiv, bad as it is.</p>
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		<title>By: enhabit</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54783</link>
		<dc:creator>enhabit</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Apr 2007 01:23:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54783</guid>
		<description>while i recognise that this may be a little off point...please note that

@ 1.6 million children under five years of age die of diarrhoea every year.  this is largely due to poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water...a solvable problem?

http://www.unicef.org/wes/index_wes_related.html

with @ 2.9 million total hiv/aids deaths with @ 380,000 children under 15 dying.

http://www.nat.org.uk/page/426

make no mistake hiv/aids is a tremendous problem.  just thought that this would make an interesting footnote for consideration.

other aids data 

http://data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/20061121_EPI_FS_SSA_en.pdf

http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN2_en.pdf</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>while i recognise that this may be a little off point&#8230;please note that</p>
<p>@ 1.6 million children under five years of age die of diarrhoea every year.  this is largely due to poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water&#8230;a solvable problem?</p>
<p><a href="http://www.unicef.org/wes/index_wes_related.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.unicef.org/wes/index_wes_related.html</a></p>
<p>with @ 2.9 million total hiv/aids deaths with @ 380,000 children under 15 dying.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nat.org.uk/page/426" rel="nofollow">http://www.nat.org.uk/page/426</a></p>
<p>make no mistake hiv/aids is a tremendous problem.  just thought that this would make an interesting footnote for consideration.</p>
<p>other aids data </p>
<p><a href="http://data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/20061121_EPI_FS_SSA_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/20061121_EPI_FS_SSA_en.pdf</a></p>
<p><a href="http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN2_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN2_en.pdf</a></p>
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		<title>By: rahbuhbuh</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54349</link>
		<dc:creator>rahbuhbuh</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2007 20:57:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54349</guid>
		<description>This isn&#039;t from art director Tibor Kalman&#039;s notorious upsetter run on &quot;Colors,&quot; but here is their entire Aids issue, including articles about Africa:
http://www.colorsmagazine.com/issues/67/index.php

I don&#039;t know how much Colors actually did for AIDS in Africa, but it surely hooked the West&#039;s attention. Maybe that attention turned into donations which turned into condoms? Who knows. I want to hear more about the local approach, and why it works better than a Manhattan advertising agency donating services as a tax write-off. Were western ad campaigns ignoring the metrics, or did we just not understand African cultures therefore wasting AIDS relief funds?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This isn&#8217;t from art director Tibor Kalman&#8217;s notorious upsetter run on &#8220;Colors,&#8221; but here is their entire Aids issue, including articles about Africa:<br />
<a href="http://www.colorsmagazine.com/issues/67/index.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.colorsmagazine.com/issues/67/index.php</a></p>
<p>I don&#8217;t know how much Colors actually did for AIDS in Africa, but it surely hooked the West&#8217;s attention. Maybe that attention turned into donations which turned into condoms? Who knows. I want to hear more about the local approach, and why it works better than a Manhattan advertising agency donating services as a tax write-off. Were western ad campaigns ignoring the metrics, or did we just not understand African cultures therefore wasting AIDS relief funds?</p>
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		<title>By: nother</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54338</link>
		<dc:creator>nother</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2007 19:16:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54338</guid>
		<description>Hi Katherine, as I reread my post, I regret my phrase â€œit would seem obvious to me.â€  I should have written â€“ it would seem to me that the governments are pushing B more than see becauseâ€¦

There is nothing obvious about any of this â€“ except of course my ignorance. 

The cultural differences you discuss sound interesting.  I want to read some more and hopefully post again.  I&#039;m just trying to get involved (even on a tiny level) in such an important conversation.  Thanks.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi Katherine, as I reread my post, I regret my phrase â€œit would seem obvious to me.â€  I should have written â€“ it would seem to me that the governments are pushing B more than see becauseâ€¦</p>
<p>There is nothing obvious about any of this â€“ except of course my ignorance. </p>
<p>The cultural differences you discuss sound interesting.  I want to read some more and hopefully post again.  I&#8217;m just trying to get involved (even on a tiny level) in such an important conversation.  Thanks.</p>
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		<title>By: rc21</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54192</link>
		<dc:creator>rc21</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2007 23:45:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54192</guid>
		<description>Nother, pushing A and B more than C has actually helped people pass through the mine field known as aids.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nother, pushing A and B more than C has actually helped people pass through the mine field known as aids.</p>
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		<title>By: Katherine</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54169</link>
		<dc:creator>Katherine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2007 22:35:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54169</guid>
		<description>Hi nother. One of the things I hope this show will highlight is the cultural differences that &lt;i&gt;haven&#039;t&lt;/i&gt; been taken into account enough in Africa by well-intentioned Western aid agencies. From what I understand so far, resistance to condoms in Africa hasn&#039;t been the problem; the problem is that they&#039;re not used enough in the sexual networks of trusted (read: don&#039;t need to use protection) partners. I hope to learn more, too.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi nother. One of the things I hope this show will highlight is the cultural differences that <i>haven&#8217;t</i> been taken into account enough in Africa by well-intentioned Western aid agencies. From what I understand so far, resistance to condoms in Africa hasn&#8217;t been the problem; the problem is that they&#8217;re not used enough in the sexual networks of trusted (read: don&#8217;t need to use protection) partners. I hope to learn more, too.</p>
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		<title>By: nother</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54120</link>
		<dc:creator>nother</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2007 17:19:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54120</guid>
		<description>To summarize my point, it would seem obvious to me that the governments are pushing &quot;B&quot; more than &quot;C.&quot;  The &quot;C&quot; is a minefield of sensitivity - and thus politically dangerous.

What&#039;s also abvious to me is my ignorance of African culture and Aids.  I&#039;m looking forward to learning more.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>To summarize my point, it would seem obvious to me that the governments are pushing &#8220;B&#8221; more than &#8220;C.&#8221;  The &#8220;C&#8221; is a minefield of sensitivity &#8211; and thus politically dangerous.</p>
<p>What&#8217;s also abvious to me is my ignorance of African culture and Aids.  I&#8217;m looking forward to learning more.</p>
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		<title>By: nother</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-54106</link>
		<dc:creator>nother</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2007 16:46:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-54106</guid>
		<description>Katherine, thank you for this show.  There does seem to be in elephant in the room though, that wasn&#039;t mentioned in the lead up - the Catholic Church&#039;s stance on contraception. 

Wouldnâ€™t you say that the detrimental effect of this stance (even in indirect ways) is incalculable?

I remember when the Aids epidemic hit in the US.  I remember the sex education that was thrust on even the youngest of us.  I remember the conservatives screaming that having condoms in the nurse&#039;s office was encouraging sex.  We now know all those fears were unfounded.

Growing up, Iâ€™ve witnessed first hand the change in perception of condoms in our culture.  (similar to seatbelts) I remember when it wasn&#039;t cool and I&#039;d hear guys talking about ways to avoid using a condom.  Now we&#039;ve come to a point in the US where is assumed you will use a condom with a new partner.

Sure it&#039;s great to talk about using &quot;B&quot; as a secondary tool for the problem.  But the primary tool to save lives should be a two front campaign of sex education (it&#039;s cool to use condoms) and a fundamental revaluation of Catholic Church doctrine - with respect to sex.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Katherine, thank you for this show.  There does seem to be in elephant in the room though, that wasn&#8217;t mentioned in the lead up &#8211; the Catholic Church&#8217;s stance on contraception. </p>
<p>Wouldnâ€™t you say that the detrimental effect of this stance (even in indirect ways) is incalculable?</p>
<p>I remember when the Aids epidemic hit in the US.  I remember the sex education that was thrust on even the youngest of us.  I remember the conservatives screaming that having condoms in the nurse&#8217;s office was encouraging sex.  We now know all those fears were unfounded.</p>
<p>Growing up, Iâ€™ve witnessed first hand the change in perception of condoms in our culture.  (similar to seatbelts) I remember when it wasn&#8217;t cool and I&#8217;d hear guys talking about ways to avoid using a condom.  Now we&#8217;ve come to a point in the US where is assumed you will use a condom with a new partner.</p>
<p>Sure it&#8217;s great to talk about using &#8220;B&#8221; as a secondary tool for the problem.  But the primary tool to save lives should be a two front campaign of sex education (it&#8217;s cool to use condoms) and a fundamental revaluation of Catholic Church doctrine &#8211; with respect to sex.</p>
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		<title>By: tbrucia</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-53790</link>
		<dc:creator>tbrucia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2007 19:58:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-53790</guid>
		<description>The dynamics of any epidemic -- including AIDS -- are mind-numbingly complex, involving feedback loops, non-linear dynamics, and a host of mathematical &#039;counter-intuitives&#039;.  Somehow, all this has to be linked to the everyday realities.  I always wonder why a nation with 30 percent of the population infected with AIDS -- and no treatment available -- doesn&#039;t suffer a 30 percent drop in population within a few years.  It is hard to see how women infected with AIDS, giving birth to infants infected with AIDS, squares with exploding populations in Africa.  I hope someone explains this seeming paradox!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The dynamics of any epidemic &#8212; including AIDS &#8212; are mind-numbingly complex, involving feedback loops, non-linear dynamics, and a host of mathematical &#8216;counter-intuitives&#8217;.  Somehow, all this has to be linked to the everyday realities.  I always wonder why a nation with 30 percent of the population infected with AIDS &#8212; and no treatment available &#8212; doesn&#8217;t suffer a 30 percent drop in population within a few years.  It is hard to see how women infected with AIDS, giving birth to infants infected with AIDS, squares with exploding populations in Africa.  I hope someone explains this seeming paradox!</p>
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		<title>By: rc21</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-53414</link>
		<dc:creator>rc21</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Apr 2007 12:52:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-53414</guid>
		<description>There is an excellent article on the TCS daily website by Michael Cook called &quot; This should have been anthropology 101. describes what has been going on with this new idea. Uganda has senn the prevalence of aids go from 30% in 1992 to 6% quite a dramatic decrease.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is an excellent article on the TCS daily website by Michael Cook called &#8221; This should have been anthropology 101. describes what has been going on with this new idea. Uganda has senn the prevalence of aids go from 30% in 1992 to 6% quite a dramatic decrease.</p>
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		<title>By: razib</title>
		<link>http://www.radioopensource.org/the-spread-of-hiv-in-africa/comment-page-1/#comment-52747</link>
		<dc:creator>razib</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 21 Apr 2007 20:14:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.radioopensource.org/?p=1031#comment-52747</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;Can we filter politics and political correctness from the data to ask what new strategies could slow the spread of HIV in Africa?&lt;/i&gt;

no.  if &quot;we&quot; means people in the west.  i think it&#039;s too touchy, though it seems pretty obvious that the sexual networks are a major problem (the same basic dynamic which spread HIV in bathhouses, and from prostitutes to the general population in thailand).  and it is isn&#039;t just monogamy, i think one problem is that matrifocal systems in parts of africa have resulted economic independence for women, but also an expectation by men that they won&#039;t have to invest that much.  &lt;i&gt;some&lt;/i&gt; women can&#039;t support themselves and can&#039;t find one partner who will be dependable, so they have to enter into looser liaisons with multiple men who together can supplement her income enough to survive. of course, these men themeselves may have a primary wife at home. you don&#039;t have to be a mathematician to see how the numbers can work out.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>Can we filter politics and political correctness from the data to ask what new strategies could slow the spread of HIV in Africa?</i></p>
<p>no.  if &#8220;we&#8221; means people in the west.  i think it&#8217;s too touchy, though it seems pretty obvious that the sexual networks are a major problem (the same basic dynamic which spread HIV in bathhouses, and from prostitutes to the general population in thailand).  and it is isn&#8217;t just monogamy, i think one problem is that matrifocal systems in parts of africa have resulted economic independence for women, but also an expectation by men that they won&#8217;t have to invest that much.  <i>some</i> women can&#8217;t support themselves and can&#8217;t find one partner who will be dependable, so they have to enter into looser liaisons with multiple men who together can supplement her income enough to survive. of course, these men themeselves may have a primary wife at home. you don&#8217;t have to be a mathematician to see how the numbers can work out.</p>
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